Brazil’s government has escalated a major trade dispute with the European Union, threatening to use “reciprocal measures” after an EU ban on Brazilian animal-origin products took effect on September 3. The suspension, which targets beef, poultry, eggs, honey, and other exports, is based on Brasília’s failure to comply with new EU rules concerning the use of antimicrobial substances in livestock production, creating a diplomatic flashpoint that puts nearly $1.84 billion in annual **Brazilian exports** at risk.